The Twilight Saga 3: Eclipse Acknowledgments

I would be very remiss if I did not thank the many people who helped me survive the birthing of another novel: My parents have been my rock; I don't know how anyone does this without a dad's good advice and a mom's shoulder to cry on. My husband and sons have been incredibly long-suffering-anyone else would have had me committed to an asylum long ago. Thanks for keeping me around, guys. My Elizabeth-Elizabeth Eulberg, publicist extraordinaire-has made all the difference to my sanity both on and off the road. Few people are lucky enough to work so closely with their BFF, and I am eternally grateful for the wholesomeness of cheese-loving Midwestern girls. Jodi Reamer continues to guide my career with genius and finesse. It is very comforting to know that I am in such good hands. It is also wonderful to have my manuscripts in the right hands. Thanks to Rebecca Davis for being so in tune with the story in my head and helping me find the best ways to express it. Thanks to Megan Tingley, first for your unwavering faith in my work, and second for polishing that work until it shines. Everyone at Little, Brown and Company Books for Young Readers has taken such amazing care of my creations. I can tell it is a true labor of love for you all, and I appreciate it more than you know. Thank you Chris Murphy, Shawn Foster, Andrew Smith, Stephanie Voros, Gail Doobinin, Tina McIntyre, Ames O'Neill, and the many others who have made the Twilight series a success. I can't believe how lucky I was to discover Lori Joffs, who somehow manages to be both the fastest and the most meticulous reader at the same time. I am thrilled to have a friend and accomplice who is so insightful, talented, and patient with my whining. Lori Joffs again, along with Laura Cristiano, Michaela Child, and Ted Joffs, for creating and maintaining the brightest star in the Twilight online universe, the Twilight Lexicon. I truly appreciate all the hard work you put into providing a happy place for my fans to hang out. Thanks also to my international friends at Crepusculo- es.com for a site so amazing it transcends the language barrier. Kudos as well to Brittany Gardener's fabulous work on the Twilight and New Moon by Stephenie Meyer MySpace Group, a fan site so large that the idea of keeping track of it boggles my mind; Brittany, you amaze me. Katie and Audrey, Bella Penombra is a thing of beauty. Heather, the Nexus rocks. I can't mention all the amazing sites and their creators here, but thank you very much to each of you. Many thanks to my cold readers, Laura Cristiano, Michelle Vieira, Bridget Creviston, and Kimberlee Peterson, for their invaluable input and encouraging enthusiasm. Every writer needs an independent bookstore for a friend; I'm so grateful for my hometown supporters at Changing Hands Bookstore in Tempe, Arizona, and especially to Faith Hochhalter, who has brilliant taste in literature. I am in your debt, rock gods of Muse, for yet another inspiring album. Thank you for continuing to create my favorite writing music. I am also grateful to all the other bands on my playlist who help me through the writer's block, and to my new discoveries, Ok Go, Gomez, Placebo, Blue October, and Jack's Mannequin. Most of all, a gargantuan thank-you to all of my fans. I firmly believe that my fans are the most attractive, intelligent, exciting, and dedicated fans in the whole world. I wish I could give you each a big hug and a Porsche 911 Turbo. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any formor by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Little, Brown and Company

Adult Learning Theory Paper Essay

Summary In an effort to determine how adults learn, experts examine and evaluate studies that have been done that involve the adult learner. The more that experts understand how the learner processes information, the better the understanding will be on how to structure their learning environment. Research is continually changing in this area, and educators know there are differences in how each adult learner attains information. In the two articles, â€Å"Adult Learning Theory for the Twenty-First Century† by Sharan B. Merriam, and â€Å"Adult Learning Theory: Applications to Non-Traditional College Students† by Kenner and Weinerman, different theories are discussed. In the journal article, â€Å"Adult Learning Theory for the Twenty-First Century† by Sharan B. Merriam, she explains that there are always new updates and research on adult learning theories. â€Å"Today the historical, sociocultural context of adult learning is recognized as a key component in understanding the nature of adult learning† (Merriam, 2008, p.94). This differs from the early decades where experts only focused on one type of learner. More attention is being placed on exactly how the adult learner learns in society than just as an individual. Adult learning was first thought of as a cognitive process, however currently it is thought of as a much â€Å"broader activity involving the body, emotions, and the spirit as well as the mind† (Merriam, 2008, p.98). Another theory of adult learning is shown in the journal article, â€Å"Adult Learning Theory: Applications to Non-Traditional College Students† by Kenner and Weinerman. This theory is about the adult learner and how she takes her work success and integrates it in her academic success. She uses her life experiences to help in her academic community. â€Å"By understanding what makes  adult learners different from traditional students, developmental educators can provide specific tools that help adult learners integrate into the college or university environment and increase their chances for success† (Kenner, Weinerman, 2011, p. 88). Since integration into a new academic environment can bring challenges, it is important that the educator understands the student’s history and can incorporate different learning styles in a successful way (Kenner, Weinerman, 2011). Both of these articles are similar in the fact that both of the authors’ goals are to better understand the adult learner. Both believe that there are differences in how adults learn and are focused on how to better understand and make the learner successful. The first article recognizes the changes in theory over the years and brings attention to new theories. It also touches on the fact that previous life experiences play a part in how one learns, which is the focus of the second article. The second article is more specific in the way that it focuses on a particular group of adult learners. Experts are continuing to understand the way the adult learner learns, and how to better meet the goals of their learner to make them successful in the academics. The way adults learn is continually changing, and the more knowledge that is gained, the more a learning environment can be structured to fit the needs of the individual learner. Reflection As an adult learner in the education world, the more knowledge that I have on the different ways I learn, the better I will be able to understand why and how I learn. I will be able to apply different theories to my everyday learning. This will help me have a greater understanding of how to incorporate this into my own work and everyday life. I can apply the first article â€Å"Adult Learning Theory for the Twenty-First Century† by Sharan B. Merriam, to myself because as the expert is continuing to gain knowledge and understanding on how adults learn, I then can take  that information and use it in my everyday academic career. Merriam states that adult learning is a multidimensional phenomenon, and I agree with that. There are many different ways I can learn, and I have to take into account that the cultures surrounding me can play a part in that. The second article, â€Å"Adult Learning Theory: Applications to Non-Traditional College Students† by Kenner and Weinerman, I think I relate to more because I did not go into college right away after finishing high school. Getting a college degree was not as important to me as going out in the work force and making money, or traveling and having the opportunity to be adventurous. I have a different learning style because of that, and in a way it can both help and hurt my learning. â€Å"Knowles identifies four principles that characterize adult learners† (Kenner, Weinerman, 2011). The fourth is that we are motivated, which I definitely am. We go back to school to achieve a personal goal that we have set for ourselves (Kenner, Weinerman, 2011). That is why I have decided to go back to school. Both of these articles show important theories on how the adult learns, but the second article resonates with my own personal experiences better. Merriam explains that there is a value to incorporate more creative ways of learning into practice (Merriam, 2008). I think that because I left school to pursue my own adventures, I did gain a different set of skills that I can now bring into my learning environment. I agree that I face challenges that differ from other students, but I also understand the plus side to taking the route that I chose (Kenner, Weinerman, 2011). In conclusion, there were both similarities and differences in these articles, and they both play a part in how an adult learns. I can take this knowledge and incorporate it into my learning, and also take my own personal experiences from life and replicate it into my academic career. These articles helped me understand why I learn the way I do, and how I can strive to be a better student now and in the future. Reflection Kenner, Carl & Weinerman, Jason (2011) Adult Learning Theory: Applications to Non- Traditional College Students. 41.2 Spring 2011, p 87-96 Merriam, Sharan. (2008) Adult Learning Theory for the Twenty-First Century. New Directions for Continuing Education. 119. 93-98. DOI: 10.1002/ace. Adult Learning Theory Paper Essay Summary The article â€Å"Engaging the Adult Learner Generational Mix† examines the adult learning through different generations. The author focuses on surveys that were given on two graduate classes. Some adult learners were in online classes, while others were in a hybrid class. The surveys were done in three different locations. In this article the author analyses three different generations’ Readiness to Learn, Orientation to Learning, and Motivation to Learn. The three generations of adult learners that are being examined are the Baby Boomers, Generation X, and the Millennia generation. In the Readiness to Learn section the author find that majority of the time when adult learners has enrolled in a course it is to benefit them in finding an answer in improving themselves. Adult learners of the millennial generation had the absences of interest or showed a specific need to know information. Generation X needed little prompting to sway them to learn. However, they need to feel that connection with other classmates and professors. The Baby Boomers also had a lack of readiness, mostly because they didn’t understand the material and it was unfamiliar to them. With the Orientation to Learning section the author find that the adults wanted to see how the information they are leaning applies to their life. When the Millennial generation can’t relate the information to their experiences they become disconnected. Generation X always tries to relate the new information that they are learning to their personal life. By doing this it make the course interesting to them. It is easy to see when a Baby Boomer is oriented with a subject. When they are oriented with a subject their answers are well thought out and are lengthy. For adult learners motivation to learn is external but more internal. Internally adult learners want to enhance self-esteem, gain confidence, or improve their lifestyle. The millennial has very little motivation about the class material; it is the instructors and classmates that motivate them. This is similar with Generation X adult learners; however the Generation X learners wants to be part of discussions and class activities. The Baby boomers are motivated when they are allowed to show what they have learned in the course. Reflection â€Å"Engaging the Adult Learner Generational Mix† by Laura Holyoke and Erick Larson was had great information. This article allows students to think about their generation and how they learn. It also helps instructors or professors to understand what are reasons that adult learners are in their course and how to motivate this students to do their best. This article is not just useful to college and university this is also use for trainers of workshops, training programs, or personal development. In this current economy adults have to learn new skills to gain employment. Knowing this, any type of educator will find this article useful. Sometimes it is so easy to put all adults in the same group. The authors states that to establish an environment for training and educational programs the educators or trainer must acknowledge students learning styles, values and what generation they come from (Holyoke & Larson, 2009). It is good to see how the culture of which the country was in effect the learning of adults. The three different generations co-exist in the workforce so it is logical that they would also exist in a higher learning environment. It is so true what the authors say about adult learners, when they stare adult learners experience a need to learn something in order to cope more satisfyingly with real life task or problems (Holyoke & Larson, 2009). Adults seem to already have a lot of responsibilities, so it is understandable for adult learners to go in to courses wanting specific answers to help improve their lives. Adults do not want to learn anything that is not going to benefit them in the present or the future, â€Å"Adults are life-, mission-, or problem-centered in their route to learning† (Holyoke & Larson, 2009). Knowing more about adult learners’ generation will help the engage the students learning, thus benefiting both student and educator. Reference Page Reference Holyoke, L., & Larson, E. (2009). Engage the Adult Learner Gerational Mix. Journal of Adult Education, 12-21. Sullivan, L. (2008). Meeting the Challenges of Teaching Multiple Generations in the Same classroom. Boston Unversity School of Public Health, 1-38.

Management and leadership devt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management and leadership devt - Essay Example Current paper focuses on the examination of the development of leadership, as a core element of modern organizations. At the same time, reference is made to the changes in the styles of leadership, following the changes in market conditions and the organizational potentials worldwide. The relationship between management and leadership is also explored, aiming to understand the power of leader to control organizational operations. It is proved that leadership tends to change continuously; however, the level of this process is not standardized. It is assumed that the potentials of leaders to act independently in each organization can vary, under the influence of the internal organizational environment and the local market ethics. 2. Leadership – description and development The characteristics and the role of leadership in modern organizations are likely to be differentiated in accordance with the conditions of the internal and the external organizational environment. Up to a lev el, such differentiation is justified taking into consideration the fact that the needs of each organization are not identical. However, similarities exist, which allow for assumptions in regard to the performance of leadership in different organizational and market conditions. The understanding of the process of change as occurring in leadership styles requires the reference to the definition of the specific concept. The characteristics of leadership should be also analytically described in order to identify the potentials of the specific concept to be further developed. 2.1 Definition of leadership In accordance with Van Velsor et al. (2010) the traditional definition of leadership as the establishment of shared goals that followers have to support, should be alternated in order to become more effective. It is suggested that leadership is considered as ‘the process of producing direction, alignment and commitment (DAC) in collectives’ (Van Velsor et al. 2010). 2.2 Mai n characteristics of leadership The leadership, as described above, is highly differentiated by management. Because both these concepts are related to modern business activities, their relationship should be further explained making sure that the role and the potentials of each one of them will be made clear. In accordance with Ryan (2007) the role of leader refers to the establishment of the organization’s vision and mission. On the contrary, the manager has to develop the measures necessary for the realization of organization’s vision and the achievement of organization’s targets (as set by the leader). Furthermore, the leader is likely to create inspiration to the employees urging them to develop their skills (Stimson et al. 2009). The manager has to support employees in their efforts to improve their capabilities and knowledge but he is not expected to inspire the employees, mostly because his power in the organization is limited. Moreover, the leader establ ishes the organizational culture; the manager needs to act in accordance with the organizational culture and values having the power to choose among the policies used for the promotion of organizational culture through the firm’s daily activities (Derr et al. 2002). At the same time, the leader needs to promote innovation, ensuring that the competitiveness of his organization is kept at high levels (Lussier et al. 2009).

Eating Jesus' Flesh and drinking His Blood Research Paper

Eating Jesus' Flesh and drinking His Blood - Research Paper Example The Hebrew writer tells us that His blood was shed for the transgressions of those who lived under the first testament, as well as those who live under the second (Heb. 9:15).   So, all humanity, who desire salvation, are dependent upon the blood of Christ  Ã‚   In this lesson, we shall  Ã‚   list some of the things that are said to be accomplished by the blood of Christ. VERSES 51-52:  Ã‚   I AM THE LIVING BREAD 51I am the living bread which came down out of heaven. If anyone eats (Greek: phage) of this bread, he will live forever. Yes, the bread which I will give for the life of the world is my flesh (Greek: sarx)." 52The Jews therefore contended with one another, saying, "How can this man give us his flesh to eat?"   "I am the living bread which came down out of heaven" (v. 51a).   This "living bread" parallels the "living water" that Jesus offered the Samaritan woman (4:10).   "If anyone eats (phage) of this bread, he will live forever" (v. 51b).   Phage is the ao rist of esthio (to eat), and thus represents a one-time action.   To eat of this bread, in this context, means the once-and-for-all action of accepting or believing in Christ.   "Yes, the bread which I will give for the life of the world is my flesh (Greek: sarx)"(v. 51c). Jesus does not retreat from the offense of his words, but instead adds to it with his mention of flesh (sarx). This is sacrificial language. The Torah requires ritual sacrifice of animals, and specifies how they are to be prepared and how their flesh is to be used. Some flesh is to be burned on the altar and other flesh is to be eaten.   Jesus makes his sacrifice in behalf of the world –– not just Israel (see also 3:16-17).   "The Jews therefore contended with one another, saying, "How can this man give us his flesh to eat?† (v. 52).   "Flesh" is a provocative word, raising the specter of cannibalism.   No observant Jew would consider eating human flesh. VERSE 53:   UNLESS YOU EAT AND DRINK 53Jesus therefore said to them, "Most certainly I tell you, unless you eat (Greek: phagete) the flesh (Greek:   sarka –– from sarx)of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you don't have life in yourselves. "Most certainly I tell you" (v. 53a).   These words make emphatic that which follows.   "unless you eat (phagete)the flesh(sarka –– from sarx) of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you don't have life in yourselves" (v. 53b).   The title that Jesus uses for himself here is Son of Man, which is a less provocative title than Messiah. The first significant issue here is whether Jesus' words are Eucharistic in nature (referring to the Lord's Supper) or simply incarnational/sacrificial (referring to the incarnation and the cross).   The question is significant.   Is Jesus emphasizing participation in the Eucharist here?   Should a sermon based on this text emphasize participation in the Lord's Supper?   Scholars are divided on this question.   My conclusion is that incarnational, sacrificial, and Eucharistic emphases are intertwined in 6:51-58, and that the emphasis shifts to favor the Eucharistic at verse 51c.   If this is correct, it is appropriate, perhaps even important, to emphasize participation in the Lord's Supper when preaching from this text. We should also note two things that were happening at the time of the writing of this Gospel that might have influenced the author to emphasize the eating of Jesus flesh and the drinking of his blood:

How Does McDonald Promotions and advertising affect their sales Coursework

How Does McDonald Promotions and advertising affect their sales - Coursework Example Research context A clear definition and formulation of research context is necessary as it helps in organising research efforts and ensures optimum utilisation of research process. In other words, research context lays down physical setting and environment in which research study will be undertaken. At many instances, research context is also termed and understood in terms of ‘experimental conditions’ or ‘study environment’. The underlying research study will be located and conducted in the context of national business. It is due to reason that McDonald’s is a national business as compared to regional or local business firm. In addition, underlying research study will pursue and operate in a hypothetical study environment or research context. The hypothetical study environment will be utilised to assess, determine, and prove whether advertisement and promotions affect the sales of McDonald’s or not. The assessment of the impact will help in ide ntifying whether formulated hypothesis is profound and acceptable in the present business setting or it is no longer valid and profound in today’s business world (Simchi-levi & Kaminsky 2003). ... The research study will throw light on the role that marketing and its tool can play in enhancing business position and sales potentialities (Mckenzie-Mohr 2000). The significance of research study is evident from both academic and commercial perspective. From academic perspective, the underlying research will facilitate the path of understanding implications and role of marketing. On the other hand, business firms will gain deep insight, understanding and encouragement for implementing marketing in their business philosophies with the help of present research study. Literature review Literature review makes use of secondary sources like books, magazines, journals, research papers and many more to search, gather, test, and evaluate crucial findings and results. This practice of investigating and exploring topic helps in solving research problem and outlining new findings and results. Marketing mix Ruddick (2012) throws light on the marketing mix in order to ascertain impact of promot ion and advertising on McDonald’s sales. The author explains that marketing mix contain four elements viz., product, price, place and promotion. All the components of marketing mix are strive towards improving market positioning and profitability of company. Among the four components, promotion play more significant role as it create direct impact on the customers attitudes and perception. It has been identified that companies paying more attention towards sales promotion and advertising are more likely to emerge as a favourite brand and purchase choice among customers. In this regard, sales promotion and advertising are the most commonly used promotional tools. McDonald’s makes frequent and regular use of these promotional tools in order to gain favourable

Corporate Financial Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Corporate Financial Strategy - Essay Example The decision to make an investment is based on this benchmark. Mostly the companies employ various sources of finance such as equity, preference, debentures, term loans etc. The calculation of WACC is done using the weights of the different components of capital base. There are varying returns for all the sources. As the equity holders bear the maximum risk, the returns required by them is higher than the other investors. This is mainly because in case of extreme situation like insolvency, the equity shareholders have the last claim on the assets of the company. In such situations preference is given to the lenders of the company. Moreover, the declaration of dividends is not mandatory for the companies. A dividend is declared only if the company has surplus earnings whereas the payment of interest cost is mandatory. The company has to honour its debts irrespective of its profitability. This is the reason that the lenders get a lower return as compared to equity holders. But, if the company is highly leveraged, even the lenders become cautious and demand for higher returns. This is the reason that all the companies try to optimize their capital base for minimizing the cost of capital. The cost of capital is the minimum return that a company must earn from the business activities to payoff its investors who provide the necessary capital in the form of shares, debentures and loans. Two sets of information are needed for calculating the cost of capital- weights of the various sources of finance and their respective costs. Many studies have been conducted on the cost of capital which is dependent on the composition of the capital base of the company. The capital structure of a business measures the ability of a company towards meeting the needs of its stakeholders. Modigliani and Miller (1994) highlighted how the value of the firm is not affected by its capital structure as the tax advantage of debt

Advanced Nursing Role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Advanced Nursing Role - Essay Example The nurse Informaticist role in clinical practice is to design clinical documentation for example nursing outpatient notes which are changed and used to create items like patient problem list. The nurse Informaticist role in primary care is that they expand aid and evaluate applications, processes, tools and structures that assist nurses to handle data in direct care of patients, in nursing education and research (DeNisco & Barker, 2013). A nurse Informaticist should have basic computer knowledge, must be acquitted with common applications, he or she must be able to communicate through electronic means such as email and acknowledgement of privacy and security matters. According to Mirr & Zwygart-Stauffacher, (2010), a nurse Informaticist who works in administration uses staff scheduling application. A nurse Informaticist working with nurse educators their role is to test softwares for them. A nurse informaticist working in public health is in charge of public health databases (p. 242 ). While the nurse educator is responsible for educating other nurses for professionalism in nursing. The nurse educator also teaches doctors and health officials on the significance of proper settings in hospitals and nursing homes to make the health of people better. According to Bastable (2008), Nurse educators as well as nurse practitioner has the role of educating patients, families as well as the public to promote health and take care of the patients (p.5). The other role of a nurse educator is to offer training to nurses in practice through continuing education, in-service schedules and staff growth to maintain and make better their clinical knowledge and teaching capacity (p.7). The nurse educator also performs the role of a clinical instructor to students to help them acquire their expected learning goals. The nurse educator also teaches nursing students to become

Diabetes type 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Diabetes type 2 - Assignment Example This paper briefly explains type 2 Diabetics, its, causes, symptoms, consequences and possible treatments. â€Å"Every day, more than 4,000 adults are diagnosed with diabetes and about 200 people die from the disease, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention† (Payne, 2009). Millions of people across the world are currently suffering from type 2 Diabetics. Many people are unaware that they are at high risk of this disease. National Diabetes Statistics, (2007) shows that in adults, type 2 diabetes accounts for about 90 to 95 percent of all diagnosed cases of diabetes and moreover the Total costs of treating type 2 diabetics patients in America is around $174 billion in 2007 which include the direct cost of $116 billion (National Diabetes Statistics, 2007) From the above chart it is clear that most of the type 2 diabetics patients are currently undergoing treatments either in the form of insulin, oral medication or both insulin and oral medications. Obesity, family history of diabetes, lack of physical activities, peculiarities of race/ethnicity etc are some of the major reasons for type 2 diabetics. Even though type 2 diabetics can affect any people irrespective age, culture or ethnicity, African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, American Indians, and some Asian Americans and Native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders are found to be more vulnerable to this disease. National Diabetes Statistics, (2007) has pointed out that type 2 diabetics were earlier mentioned as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetics (National Diabetes Statistics, 2007). Diabetics in general are a group of disease which is resulted from the malfunctioning of insulin production, usage or both. Type 2 diabetics are a disease which occurred when the body resists the effects of insulin produces less insulin than required to maintain the glucose level.

Analysis of the marketing promotion of the Beverage Company Coca-Cola Essay

Analysis of the marketing promotion of the Beverage Company Coca-Cola worldwide - Essay Example From this research it is clear that the design and the implementation of a marketing strategy is a challenging task. Communication should be regarded as a priority in any successful marketing policy. Towards this direction, Moore supported that â€Å"what is strategic in the communication is not that it is designed to be manipulative, but instead that it is designed to advance particular policies or organizational strategies by making them comprehensible and by enlisting the support and cooperation of those who must work together to produce the intended result†. On the other hand, the professionals in the relevant area should have specific competencies in order to achieve the required targets. In accordance with a statement of Thomas, presented in Lewis et al. â€Å"we [the marketing profession] must recognise that, in addition to high standards of objectivity, integrity and technical competence, we must, in responding to the changing environment, demonstrate that we can and will serve society in general; this requires a clear and articulate demonstration of our ability to be relevant in the political sense†¦if we remain tied to the forces of manipulation and hype, if we are seen merely to be servants of our capitalist masters, we will remain marginal and untrustworthy†. The success of a marketing strategy of any firm around the world is highly depended on the competencies of its managers dealing with the specific sector.

Science Paper on Tropism Essay Example for Free

Science Paper on Tropism Essay A tropism is a growth in response to a stimulus. Plants grow towards sources of water and light, which they need to survive and grow. Auxin is a plant hormone produced in the stem tips and roots, which controls the direction of growth. Plant hormones are used in weedkillers, rooting powder and to control fruit ripening. Tropisms The direction of plant growth Plants need light and water for photosynthesis. They have developed responses called tropisms to help make sure they grow towards sources of light and water. There are different types of tropisms: Positive phototropism in plant stems * Tropism – growth in response to a stimulus * Positive tropism – towards the stimulus * Negative tropism – away from the stimulus * Phototropism – growth in response to the direction of light * Geotropism – growth in response to the direction of gravity Responses of different parts of the plant Auxin is a plant hormone responsible for controlling the direction of growth of root tips and stem tips in response to different stimuli including light and gravity. Auxin is made at the tips of stems and roots. Its moved in solution to older parts of the stem and root where it changes the elasticity of the cells. More elastic cells absorb more water and grow longer, causing bending in the stem or root. Its thought that light and gravity can interfere with the transport of auxin causing it to be unevenly distributed. Auxin experiment 3 groups of seeds are grown in a cardboard box. A when the tips are removed, no auxin is made so the stems do not grow B – when the tips are covered, auxin moves to all parts of the stem causing all parts to grow C when the tips are lit from one side only auxin accumulates on the shaded side causing it to grow more than the illuminated side Nervous System And Nerves Function: To transmit messages from one part of your body to another Neurons: Messenger cells in your nervous system Nerve impulses: Electrical signals carrying messages Neurotransmitters:Chemicals released by one neuron to excite a neighbouring one Millions of messengers Your nervous system contains millions of nerve cells, called neurons. Neurons are highly specialised to transmit messages from one part of your body to another. All neurons have a cell body and one or more fibres. These fibres vary in length from microscopic to over 1 metre. There are two different kinds of nerve fibres: fibres that carry information towards the cell body, called dendrites, and fibres that carry information away from it, called axons. Nerves are tight bundles of nerve fibres. Teamwork Your neurons can be divided into three types: * Sensory neurons, which pass information about stimuli such as light, heat or chemicals from both inside and outside your body to your central nervous system * Motor neurons, which pass instructions from your central nervous system to other parts of your body, such as muscles or glands * Association neurons, which connect your sensory and motor neurons Electrical and chemical signals Your neurons carry messages in the form of electrical signals called nerve impulses. To create a nerve impulse, your neurons have to be excited. Stimuli such as light, sound or pressure all excite your neurons, but in most cases, chemicals released by other neurons will trigger a nerve impulse. Although you have millions of neurons that are densely packed within your nervous system, they never actually touch. So when a nerve impulse reaches the end of one neuron, a neurotransmitter chemical is released. It diffuses from this neuron across a junction and excites the next neuron. Protecting cells Over half of all the nerve cells in your nervous system do not transmit any impulses. These supporting nerve cells are located between and around your neurons to insulate, protect and nourish them. Chromosomes Every human cell has 46 molecules of double-stranded DNA. This DNA is coiled and supercoiled to form chromosomes. Each chromosome has around 50 to 250 million bases. Image Credit: genome.gov Human cells contain two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from the mother and one from the father. The egg from the mother contains half of the 46 (23) and thesperm from the father carries the other half 23 of 46 chromosomes. Together the baby has all 46 chromosomes. There are 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes. Females have an XX chromosome while men have an XY chromosome. DNA DNA resides in the core, or nucleus, of each of the bodys trillions of cells. Every human cell (with the exception of mature red blood cells, which have no nucleus) contains the same DNA. The DNA is a double, stranded spiral forming a double helix. Each strand is made up of millions of chemical building blocks called bases. There are only four types of bases making up the DNA adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. The order of these bases are changed with permutation and combination in a sequence and unique sequences code for proteins. The concept is similar to combination of alphabets to form words that further combine to form sentences. Genes The DNA in each chromosome constitutes many genes. The DNA also contains large sequences that do not code for any protein and their function is not known. The gene of the coding region encodes instructions that allow a cell to produce a specific protein or enzyme. There are nearly 50,000 and 100,000 genes with each being made up of hundreds of thousands of chemical bases. In order to make proteins, the gene from the DNA is coped by each of the chemical bases into messenger RNA (ribonucleic acid) or mRNA. The mRNA moves out of the nucleus and uses cell organelles in the cytoplasm called ribosomes to form the polypeptide or amino acid that finally folds and configures to form the protein. The human genome All the DNA in the cell makes up the human genome. There are about 20,000 important genes located on one of the 23 chromosome pairs found in the nucleus or on long strands of DNA located in the mitochondria. The DNA in the genes make up only around 2% of the genome. For some years now each of the sequences and genes discovered are carefully recorded as to their specific location, sequences etc. The whole information is stored in a database that is publicly accessible. Nearly 13000 genes have been mapped to specific locations (loci) on each of thechromosomes. This information was initiated by the work done as part of the Human Genome Project. The completion of the project was celebrated in April 2003 but the exact number of genes and numerous other genes in the genome of humans is as yet unknown. Genetic switches and non-coding DNA regions The genes that contain the information to make the necessary proteins are therefore ‘switched on’ in some of the specialized cells while the remaining genes are ‘switched off’. For example, the genes that are ‘switched on’ in kidney cells are different to those that are ‘switched on’ in brain cells because the cells of the brain have different roles and make different proteins. In addition to the Human genome project, more information is needed to find what each of the genes as well as the vast amounts of non-coding regions do. These non-coding regions form nearly 90% of the chromosome and earlier much of it was termed â€Å"junk DNA† as it appeared that this DNA did not contain the information for gene products that the cells use and produce. Now it is increasingly clear that the non-coding DNA has a very important role to play. That role is still largely unknown but is likely to include regulating which genes are ‘switched on’ or ‘switched off’ in each cell. The non-coding regions of the DNA is also important for forensic investigations and determining biological relationships – paternity etc. Promoter regions, exons introns of genes A gene can have more than one promoter, resulting in RNAs that may vary in lengths. Some genes may have strong promoters that bind the transcription machinery well, and others have weak promoters that bind poorly. Weak ones allow for less transcription to protein than strong ones. Other possible regulatory regions include enhancers. These enhancers may help the weak promoters. Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons. These sequences are genes that have products with related functions. Long stretches of DNA that are coded to proteins are called introns and non-coding regions are called exons. Genes mutations Around 20,000 genes in the cell guide the growth, development and health of the animal or human. The genetic information contained in the DNA is in the form of a chemical code, called the genetic code. The code is similar in many ways and in most of the sequences across all living organisms. An allele is one variant of that gene. In many cases, all people would have the gene, but certain people will have a specific allele of that gene, which results in the trait. This could be a simple trait like hair or eye color. There are, however, variations in the genetic code that makes each individual unique. Most variations are harmless. However, variations to the genetic information can sometimes mean that some proteins are not produced properly, produced in the wrong amounts or not produced at all. Variations that make the gene faulty are called mutations. SNPs or single nucleotide polymorphisms are changes in a single base or single letter in the sequence and may code of a different protein altogether making it akin to a genetic mutation. Mutations of genes that are important for functions in the body can lead to a genetic condition that may affect growth or health of the individual. Some mutations do not directly cause disease but may make a person more susceptible to developing a genetic condition.

Impact Of Advertisers On Commercial Media

Impact Of Advertisers On Commercial Media Living in todays society, everywhere is filled with advertisements, commercial, public service, newspapers, radio, televisions, network, on the street and shopping mall, nowhere we can escape from them. Almost every day we have to come into contact with these ads, it has become an indispensible part of our life. The prosperous of advertising is based on a consensus: advertisements convince consumers to buy the goods. Advertisers believe it and so do the retailers. In the middle of nineteenth century, there is some skepticism towards adverting. Royal Commissions on the Press are adamant that advertising has no effect on commercial and equally dismissive about the effect of it on the press. Just as the first commission concluded that attempts by advertisers to influence editorial policy appear to be infrequent and unsuccessful (Curran, 1981). Such assess denials the significance of advertisers on commercial media, which seems to suggest that further enquire is pointless. Nevertheless, there are grounds for wondering whether the verdict is correct. Great shifts in the pattern of media advertising have taken place during the last decades, which have altered the feature if the commercial media. In nowadays media industry, the editorial policy of the press and network is shaped and molded by a combination of subtle financial pressure from advertisers. Thus in this article, it is worth to discuss the alternative ways in which advertisers affect the commercial media instead of over attempts to influence its content. Especially, as a concealed subsidy system, more attention should be paid to the ways advertising has shaped the mass media and the ways the media have adapted to the marketing that advertisers needs so as to compete for the subsidies. In addition, as with concerns about the impact of advertisers requirements and demands on editorial and creative decision in the media and cultural industries, basing on the current situations, this article will investigates the influence advertisers in some primary sectors of commercial media, and the changes of their power on those sectors, in order to figure out whether the contemporary advertisers is acquiring more control over the organization and output of commercial media or less. The character of advertisers in the commercial media Since the first modern full service advertising agencies emerged in the late nineteenth century, it has been a major thread of debate about the owner power advertisers put on the media. Mainly, advertisers affect the media by two means: both directly and indirectly ways. Advertisers power exert over the information programming they sponsor. As one of the main sources of produced commodity of popular images, languages and narratives, the context of advertisement is directed by advertisers, as well as the entire media industry. They also influence the text of news as it is reported, the actual form and content of information as it is presented to consumers. Recently, it might be controversial of the phenomenon that where or not it is related to their industry of advertisers having begun demanding advance warning of content. For instance, the nations fourth largest advertiser Chrysler Corporation informed the magazines in which it advertised that It is required that Chrysler Corporation be alerted in advance of any and all editorial content that encompasses sexual, political, social issues or any editorial that might be construed as provocative or offensive. Each and every issue that carries Chrysler advertising requires a written summary outlining major theme appearing in upcoming issues (Baker, 1997). Since advertisers want to reach the public so that they can sell their products well, they naturally support the media which are popular with the public. This conditions and commercial tension directly shaped the contemporary advertising industry. As the major source of finance for the two leading commercial media sectors- the press and commercial broadcasting, advertisers are thus act as neutral and passive intermediaries who allocate their media budgets basing on the preference of media consumers. They determine the structure of media industries simply by choosing where to spend their money and support media outlets that reach the right demographic groups, audiences that consume the most. Advertisers rarely think of the media exclusively as a distribution system for advertisement. Generally, they also make judgments about the effectiveness of different media as agencies of persuasion but not the desire to reach all members of the public. Actually, consider the nature and significan ce of the influence posed by advertisers; we can see that the mass media fashions an essentially means of advertising patronage according to the needs of market and the class inequalities of power, influences and consumption within the society. The advertisers want to expand their power of several aspects: fist is to access to mass or niche markets. What they want to control is how potential consumers view their product and things external to the advertisement that may influence the way people viewing it (McAllister, 1996), which means, for instance, advertising tries to control not only the symbols in the ads, but also the meanings of those symbols represent. Meanwhile, advertisers also focus on the positive demographics, they weight towards groups with disposable income like youngsters and those who are in professional and managerial occupations. They want to control over the audiences viewing behavior in order to make sure audience actually notices the advertisement. In reality, to varying degrees, the consumers that media companies are responding to are advertisers, not the people who read, watch or listen to the media (Croteau Hoynes, 2005), the demographics group with high rating is more attractive to advertisers. Hig her- income audiences are more appealing than lower- income viewers because they are more likely to afford the advertisers products. And advertisers also have a strong preference for younger audiences and relatively have no interest in the audience over the age of 50. Besides, another factor advertisers want to control is the media environment. They are engaged in creating a positive selling environment to make sure that the media content around the advertisements complements the messages and tones of their ads. The levels advertisers influences the commercial media Advertising has been central to the formation of the contemporary media landscape. With the high development and growth of advertising, advertisers have more right to participate the decision of media. Mainly, their influence can operate at several levels. Instrumental Basically, advertisers will adopt the instrumental interventions to seek to affect particular media products, trends, or policies. This influence can be reflected both by individual and collective. Individually, advertisers always interested in the sector in which particular companies endeavor to, they follow the mainstream of the media market and change their strategies to look for maximum interests. One of the most effective tactics is sponsorship, through which advertisers can secure favorable publicity. Literally, a sponsor is often someone or some organization who donates to, and takes responsibility for, the public good (Savan, 1994). As definition here, sponsorship is the act of corporate giving to some for profit, and it can emphasize its philanthropic elements. Sponsorship as a promotional activity is not new. The first instance of the company sponsorship of an event occurred at least as far back as 1887, when the French magazine Velocipede sponsored an early automobile race (Lucas, 1992).The term sponsorship can be seen as another form of advertising, is used as contrast to spot advertising. Different from the spot advertising, which involves several advertisers shari ng the total advertising time, it involves only one promoter giving all the funding to and getting all the promotional time from a media program. Nowadays, instead of the traditional advertising, sponsorship as a more effective and valid way has filled into every sectors of media industry and even our life. Advertisers looking for the new opportunity to propagandize for their products, they are not confined to the fundamental form like sponsor an event or sport, but sponsor ranging from a TV program to famous stars daily attire and supplies. Just take those starts for example; the producers of cloth, handbags, shoes or everything can put in the starts they would like to sponsor. Because to those idolaters, they are crazy to follow their idols style and want to buy what their idols like. In this way, producers can advertise for the product with the minimum cost and expand the sales and visibility. The rising cost of traditional advertising slots in media (McCarthy, 1991) led to a sig nificant increase in sponsorship. From this point of view, sponsorship has become just like any other advertising buy, and becomes valuable when it fulfills a companys marketing needs, especially when it can be tied specifically to sales increase. Besides, advertisers need do some market research to censor negative coverage. As an ads maker, one should understand that in order to sell the products they have to know consumers desires and dreams better than they know themselves. Market research, in which psychologists, polling organization, trends analysts, focus group leaders, interviewers, and the whole panoply of mass communications work together and try to figure out what will make customers buy. Colletive Advertisers also interfere in the media industry collective, which means, as a group they try to a more positive selling and operating environment. Because the most revenue of commercial media is depend on advertising, ads makers usually use their economic power to censor and control the content or purchase content favorable to their interests (Baker, 1994). Advertisers make a larger contribution to the finances of the mass media than audiences. Commercial broadcasting derives nearly all of its revenue from advertising while newspapers and magazines both derive over half their revenue from advertisements. In this sense, advertisers sponsor or control the media by means of boycotting some programs or groups that dont meet their aims. For example, American advertisers had ever shunned the working class press, and also avoided radio station with largely African American of Latino audiences. On study posed by Federal communications commission (FCC) in 1999 suggested that advertising on s tations that target programming at racial and ethnic minorities. And the paying on minority- formatted radio stations less than general market stations with comparable audience size (Bettig Hall, 2012). So we can say that the proportionate contribution to the media enterprises revenue from an individual advertiser or organized group of advertisers, the greater the likely influence. Allocation advertisers change in different sectors In order to gain the maximum profit, advertisers need to shift their investment strategy according to audience taste. Since there emergence varies channels for advertisers to do publicity of their products, they have been trying to seek for the most effective way. From the traditional media press to the modern internet, advertisers change the investment allocation basing on media market demand. The realistic condition is that t advertising allocation between media sectors are not closely tied to the pattern of media consumption. Newspapers and magazines absorb much less time, on average, than commercial TV and broadcast. Media press Recent changes in advertising allocation between media sectors have tended to undermine traditional mass media, promote the growth of specialized media and favor the development of the regional press. The media press has been one of the most significant places for advertising because of its attractiveness to local advertisers and government restrictions on the development other commercial sectors like broadcasting. In todays media industry, this medium still draws a large share of advertising revenue, for instance, Newspapers increased their advertising revenue by 7.3% from 1993 to 1994 (Coen,1995). But the newspaper press nonetheless failed to regain fully the market share of media advertising expenditure that it had enjoyed before because in recent years, there is much faster growth in their direct competitors for local advertising money, like TV network which up 17.8% and direct mail growth 8.7% (Coen,1995). This reflect the mediums diminished attractiveness to advertisers, the popular press total share of advertising revenue has steadily declined and it was only partly displaced by the newborn media such as TV and internet. Some reason for this decline is that services that newspapers have traditionally had a lock on, like classified ads, can now be delivered by other means, such as commercial TV of computer network (Fisher, 1993). The rise of commercial media seriously depleted the value of the advertising that the press did obtain. In order to get out of the dangerous situation, the press has to charge very low cover prices and spend very much more heavily on editorial outlay as a result of the rising advertising income it obtained. The most important is that the press may try to overcome the adverse situation by becoming more advertising friendly. Even though the proportion of the adult population reading newspaper and magazine remained stable during the period of new media rise, the youngsters are seldom read it anymore and more interested in the news form TV and internet. Like some women magazine press, to be heavily oriented towards the young middle class, they sell their magazines coming with som e free gift to attract the customers. Besides, the number of magazine advertising pages increased by nearly 50% (Danna, 1992). Just like one newspaper executive claims that instead of simply selling space, were listening carefully to advertisers and marketing those newspaper environments that best fit an advertisers marketing goals'(Szathmary, 1992). Internet The emergence of the internet creates new platform for advertisers to transfer of ad from established media to the internet. With the development of the society, we have entered the internet era, especially in nowadays; young people are no longer focused on reading the newspaper and even watching TV, so advertisers turn the perspective and power to the internet. Compared to traditional advertising model, the network advertisement propaganda is varied. According to an Internet and interactive marketing data, which display network advertising marketing scale driver mainly from two aspects: one is the search engine advertising scale still maintained a fast growth; and another is continuously improvement of the advertising marketing value of video and BBS (Fine, 1995). For example, the micro-film now is very popular on the internet. Some advertisers take this opportunity and make very impressive micro-film which is turned out to be an advertisement in the end. Unlike the classical advert isement show on TV or radio, this kind of ads has longer time to tall a whole story without spending so much money as on TV. Meanwhile, it has a high rate of spread and circulation, which means if advertisers put it in the YouTube so that people can share it all around the world. The rapid development of electronic commerce highlights the value identity advertisers paid to Internet channel, and they are on the way of transferring their control to the network world. Commercial TV Commercial TV became accepted in leading agency circles as the best promotional medium for cheap mass market commodities. Commercial TV is superior to the press in selling cheap, mass products. On average, people see approximately 100 TV commercials a day, and studies estimate that, counting all the logos, labels, and announcements, some 16,000 advertisements flicker across an individuals consciousness daily (Gauntlett Hill, 1999). It comes in the innovative ways that television can be subservient to advertisers, where becomes the most obvious sector controlled by advertisers. Viewing many commercial TV, the golden time is always given to the soup operas, drama series those advertising friendly programs. Advertisers generally love sitcoms, for example, with their half-hour format, and the rule of thumb in modern commercial TV is what advertisers want, they get. Another kind of TV program advertisers involve in most is reality show. With the limitation of spot advertisement both in time and rule, advertisers now are more likely to sponsor a reality show or studio entertainment. With sponsorship, one sponsors name usually appears throughout the event, sometimes from beginning to end, sometimes in the background and foreground. For instance, in those reality shows like The American Next Top Model and The Project Runway, there are quite a lot of sponsors ranging from the prize to the house competitors live, at the beginning of each series, they will be introduced and throughout the show those sponsors are intentionally mentioned and detailed descrambled by competitors or judges for several times. Audience who like the show must be memorable for those products. This seems to be more impressed than the traditional TV advertisement. For the commercial media, because they are sponsored, they must do advertising hardly to ensure they can get subsidy . This conflict of interest means that unlike official cultural products, films, TV shows, books, and paintings and so on, advertising finds few regular critics in the mainstream press. However, television that is competitively depends on advertising does tend to bar appeals to quality from the decision- taking process as consideration to be weighed in their own right. Unfortunately for advertiser, traditional media do not reach many of the most desirable groups. Consumers have more places to escape advertising and it was usually the consumers most desirable to advertisers who escaped their messages. As the major medium of commercial media industry, advertisers intervene and control mainly in commercial TV. In return some rules are carried out by the national advertising association in order to check the balance between the advertisers and audiences. In 2011, The State Administration of Radio Film and Television of China (SARFT) a new ban that all TV stations must rearrange their programs to delete all commercials set to air during TV dramas or face stern punishment. And according to Korean television regulation, except for sponsorship goods, all the other logos mus t be covered in variety show and drama series. Conclusion Advertisers have great influence to the contemporary commercial media. The most important factor affecting the degree of influence is the portion of the media firms revenue provided by ads. The media have adapted to the requirements of advertisers in the ways they have sought to maximize revenue. Advertising revenue usually has great significance for the life of a publisher or broadcaster. In commercial media, advertiser expenditure partially of an entirely underwrites the production and publication or broadcast of media content. In return media owner displays the advertisements. Advertising revenue supports media, either directly, or more usually indirectly, through a holding company or network of commissioning channels. Advertisers are free to decide whether to stay with or withdraw their commercials from controversial program. From the traditional media press to the universal commercial TV, advertisers always seek for new opportunity to put their power into wider media sectors. They change the strategy according to the need of commercial media market. As the rise of new advertising platform, advertising of newspapers and magazines are facing with big challenges and gradually lose their dominant position. The emergence of internet offer advertisers a perfect means to advertise products with less expenditure and high efficiency. The commercial TV is the best promotional medium for cheap mass market commodities. By means of spot advertising, sponsorship, implanted advertising, advertisers want to acquire more control over the opera of commercial TV. However, too many advertisements lead to a boycott of the audience, and in order to keep the balance, the advertising administration has issued some rules to prevent overpower of advertisers. Advertisers have been central to the formation of the contemporary media landscape, which depends heavily upon advertising revenue. In turn advertisers are dependent on the media to provide audiences. Overall, from what discussed above, it can be seen that contemporary advertisers are acquiring more control over the organisation and output of commercial media.

Molecule may be key to nicotine addiction :: essays research papers

A single molecule may be partly to blame for nicotine’s addictive allure, a finding that researchers say could lead to potential therapies to help millions of smokers quit a life-threatening habit. More than 4 million people around the globe — 440,000 of them Americans — die from smoking-related causes each year. And, the nicotine-laced smoke damages more than just their lungs. The California researchers not only pinpointed a molecule responsible for nicotine addiction, they also created specialized mice to make it easier to search for other molecules impacted by nicotine addiction. The research team started by fiddling with a single gene to create mice that were hypersensitive to nicotine. The genetically engineered mice were tripped up by the tiniest exposure to nicotine — a concentration 1/50th of the strength of nicotine coursing through a typical smoker’s blood. Once hooked, the mice experienced classic signs of nicotine dependence that keep smokers puffing, the research team reports Friday in the journal Science. â€Å"Dependence-related behaviors, including reward, tolerance, and sensitization, occur strongly and at remarkably low nicotine doses† in the mice, the research team wrote. In humans, reward arrives as a pleasant little jolt of dopamine, a calming brain chemical unleashed by nicotine. The body’s tolerance for the drug leads to more smoking. Sensitization means not feeling good without a nicotine fix, said Henry Lester, a biology professor at the California Institute of Technology who was among the paper’s 10 authors. In mice, researchers saw reward when mice chose nicotine hits over salt, changed body temperatures as evidence of tolerance and more running around among sensitized mice. Other researchers praised the study. The findings â€Å"not only provide direct evidence of how nicotine promotes dependence, but also raise fundamental questions about the genetics of addiction,† researchers at the Centre Medical Universitaire, in Geneva, Switzerland, wrote in a companion piece. Could drugs fight addiction? If the findings in mice hold true for humans, the work points to a specific target for a new drug to attack, others suggest. People become dependent on nicotine when it parks in nerve cell receptors designed for the chemical acetylcholine. Once nicotine fills that space, dopamine is released. By knowing the specific parking place where nicotine can exact a high toll, a drug could be fashioned to fill it. â€Å"The power lies in the ability to be so specific. In being so specific, you can treat the cause without the ramifications of the side effects,† said Stephen L.

Essay --

Muchas personas en los Estados Unidos està ¡n experimentando problemas de salud y mueren de enfermedades que posiblemente pueden evitarse con la adecuada atencià ³n de la salud y la educacià ³n. Desafortunadamente, debido a la falta de recursos y educacià ³n son las disparidades de salud entre diferentes grupos à ©tnicos y minorà ­as. Ha habido muchos estudios que muestran que las minorà ­as està ¡n en peor estado de salud, tienen problemas para acceder a la atencià ³n de la salud por ser asegurado y recibir menor calidad en la atencià ³n sanitaria. Estas diferencias pueden ser basado en el hecho de que muchas personas no pueden tener los ingresos adecuados, la educacià ³n o la cobertura necesaria para mantener un estilo de vida saludable. A pesar de que tales disparidades, no podemos eliminar totalmente los que podemos encontrar soluciones para reducir la brecha. Teniendo en cuenta esta informacià ³n, en comparacià ³n con otros grupos à ©tnicos, los hispanos tienen mayores tasas de seguro que los blancos no hispanos y los isleà ±os de Asia / pacà ­ficas (Mead, Smith, Jones, Ramos & Siegel, 2008). Hispanos tambià ©n tienen un nà ºmero desproporcionado cuando se habla de diagnà ³stico de VIH; los estudios han demostrado que son menos propensos a hacerse la prueba del VIH y tienen una mayor probabilidad de obtener un diagnà ³stico mà ¡s adelante con la oportunidad para ser bajo terapia (Palfrey, Rosen, Ogilus & Foley, 2013). Con los hispanos, siendo el grupo à ©tnico de mà ¡s rà ¡pido crecimiento y continà ºa creciendo a este ritmo debe ser abordado el tema del cuidado de la salud. Una de las principales razones de por quà © hay un problema de salud es debido a que hay un problema de interpretacià ³n y traduccià ³n de lenguaje. 21% de la poblacià ³n de Estados Unidos habla otro idioma que ... ...unas familias pueden tener mucho firmar para arriba para la cobertura y una vez que pasen este proceso, las inscripciones constantes que toma lugar causas aspirantes a ser asignado a diferentes mà ©dicos, causando un problema de confianza. Tambià ©n, a veces los solicitantes no recibe los formularios para llenar o no entiende la informacià ³n solicitada, causando que pierden sus beneficios. En cuanto a cobertura de seguro, cuidado Obama ayudarà ¡ a financiar nuevas clà ­nicas y los centros de las ciudades con una alta poblacià ³n hispana que permite a los pacientes a tener cuidado de la salud disponible con poco o ningà ºn costo en absoluto. En realidad, el cambio no puede suceder con el chasquido de dedos de alguien. El cambio tiene que empezar con la educacià ³n, hispano educar y motivar a utilizar el sistema de salud es clave para posiblemente resolver la disparidad en la salud.

The Devastation of the Indies and Movie The Mission Essay -- Devastati

The Devastation of the Indies and Movie The Mission The Mission and Bartolome De Las Casas' book, The Devestation of the Indies Although The Mission and Bartolomà © De Las Casas' book, The Devastation of the Indies portray events that took place over two centuries apart, similar features and effects of colonization are apparent in each account. Slight differences in viewpoints are evident, such as The Mission's portrayal of the natives in a more humane fashion, but this goes along with the evolution of time and the current trend of being politically correct. In other words, people today have broader views on issues, are more unbiased in their reasoning, and are careful not to offend others. Whether efforts to conquer land happened in the sixteenth century or will happen in the future in say the twenty-second century, by definition of conquer alone, defeating, suppression, and a complete overpowering, has taken place and will continue to in the future. (Merriam-Webster's, 1997, p. 245). The Devastation of the Indies was written in the middle of the sixteenth century in response to De Las Casas' outrage about the horrific treatment of natives in the New World. De Las Casas first came to the New World on Colon's second voyage. At one time De Las Casas did own slaves himself, but his experiences over time in the New World, led him to new ways which included getting rid of his slaves. His mission became one of letting others, especially those in his European homeland, become aware of the cruel treatment of the natives by the European colonizers and he began a crusade for the abolition of Indian slavery and the general improvement of the natives' lives. (http://www.funkandwagnalls.com) De Las Casas' book is a first-hand acco... ..._reviews/1986/ 11/117159.html. October 2, 1999. iii. "Enlightenment, Age Of." http://www.versaware.kidsreference.lycos.com /encyclopedia /low/ articles/e/e007001089f.asp. October 3, 1999. iv. "History of Nicaragua." http://www.rnw.nl/racism/nicaragua/html/facts.html. October 3, 1999. v. "Las Casas, Bartolomà © De." http://www.funkandwagnalls.com/encyclopedia/low/ articles/ 1/1015000292f.html. October 2, 1999. vi. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary: tenth edition. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, Inc., 1997, p.245. vii. Mueller, Rose Anna M. "Teaching beyond the Quincentennial," Hispania 76 (3), September 1993. found at http://www.millersv.edu/~columbus/data/art/ MUELLER1. ART, October 2, 1999. viii. "Reviews: The Mission (1986)." http://www.amazon.com/exex/obidos/ts/vide†¦ 120X/ref= pm_dp_ln_v_1/002-4226867-6742623. October 2, 1999.

Night World : Secret Vampire Chapter 10

Things have to be right,† Poppy said. â€Å"Things have to be just right for this. Get some candles, Phil.† Phil was looking ashen and haggard. â€Å"Candles?† â€Å"As many as you can find. And some pillows. I need lots of pillows.† She knelt by the stereo to examine a haphazard pile of CDs. Phil stared at herbriefly, then went out. † Structures from Silence . . .no. Too repetitious,†Poppy said, rummaging through the pile.† Deep Forest-no.Too hyper. I need somethingambient.† â€Å"How about this?† James picked a CD up. Poppylooked at the label. Music to Disappear In. Of course. It was perfect. Poppy took the CD andmet James's gaze. Usually he referred to the hauntingsoft strains of ambient music as ‘New Age mush.' â€Å"You understand,† she said quietly. â€Å"Yes. But you're not dying, Poppy. This isn't adeath scene you're setting up.† â€Å"But I'm going away. I'm changing.† Poppy couldn't explain exactly, but something in her saidshe was doing the right thing. She was dying to her old life. It was a solemn occasion, a Passage. And of course, although neither of them mentioned it, they both knew shemightdie for good.James had been very frank about that-some peopledidn't make it through the transition. Phil came back with candles, Christmas candles,emergency candles, scented votive candles. Poppy directed him to place them around the room and lightthem. She herself went to the bathroom to change into her best nightgown. It was flannel, with a pattern of little strawberries. Just imagine, she thought as she left the bathroom.This is the last time I'll ever walk down this hall, thelast time I'll push open my bedroom door. The bedroom was beautiful. The soft glow of candlelight gave it an aura of sanctity, of mystery. Themusic was unearthly and sweet, and Poppy felt shecould fall into it forever, the way she fe!l in herdreams. Poppy opened the closet and used a hanger to bata tawny stuffed lion and a floppy gray Eeyore down from the top shelf. She took them to her bed and put them beside the mounded pillows. Maybe it wasstupid, maybe it was childish, but she wanted themwith her. She sat on the bed and looked at James and Phillip. They were both looking at her. Phil was dearly upset,touching his mouth to stop its trembling. James wasupset, too, although only someone who knew him aswell as Poppy did would have been able to tell. â€Å"It's all right,† Poppy told them. â€Å"Don't you see?I'mall right, so there's no excuse for you not to be.† And the strange thing was, it was the truth. Shewas all right. She felt calm and clear now, as if everything had become very simple. She saw the road ahead of her, and all she had to do was follow it, step by step. Phil came over to squeeze her hand. â€Å"How does this how does this work?† he asked James huskily. â€Å"First we'll exchange blood,† James said-speaking to Poppy. Looking only at her. â€Å"It doesn't haveto be a lot; you're right on the border ofchangingalready. Then the two kinds of blood fight it outsort of the last battle, if you see what I mean.† He smiled faintly and painfully, and Poppy nodded. â€Å"While that's happening you'll feel weaker andweaker. And then you'll just go to sleep. Thechange happens while you're asleep.† â€Å"And when do I wake up?† Poppy asked. â€Å"I'll give you a kind of posthypnotic suggestion about that. Tell you to wake up whenI come to getyou. Don't worry about it; I've got all the detailsfigured out. All you need to do is rest.† Phil was running nervous hands through his hair,as if he was just now thinking about what kind ofdetails he and James were going to have to deal with. â€Å"Wait a minute,† he said in almost a croak. â€Å"When—— whenyou say ‘sleep'-she's going to look†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Dead,† Poppy supplied, when his voice ran out. James gave Phil a cold look. â€Å"Yes. We've beenover this.† â€Å"And then-we're really going to-what's going tohappento her?† James glared. â€Å"It's okay,† Poppy said softly. â€Å"Tell him.† â€Å"You know what's going to happen,† James saidthrough clenched teeth to Phillip. â€Å"She can't just dis appear. We'd have the policeandthe Night peo pleafter us, looking for her. No, it's got to seem that shedied from the cancer, and that means everything's got to happen exactly the way it would if she haddied. Phil's sick expression said he wasn't at his mostrational. â€Å"You're sure there isn't any other way?† â€Å"No,†James said. Phil wet his lips. â€Å"Oh, God.† Poppy herself didn't want to dwell on it too much.She said fiercely,†Dealwith it, Phil. You've got to. And remember, if it doesn't happen now it's goingto happen in a few weeks-for real.† Phil was holding on to one of the brass bedpostsso hard that his knuckles were pale. But he'd gottenthe point, and there was no one better than Phil atbracing himself. â€Å"You're right,† he saidthinly, with the ghost of his old efficient manner. â€Å"Okay, I'm dealing with it.† ‘Then let's get started,† Poppy said, making hervoice calm and steady. As if she were dealing witheverything effortlessly herself. James said to Phil, â€Å"You don't want to see thispart. Go out and watch TV for a few minutes.† Phil hesitated, then nodded and left. â€Å"One thing,† Poppy said to James as she scootedto the middle_ of the bed. She was still trying desperately to sound casual. â€Å"After the funeral-well, I'll be asleep, won't I? I won't wake up †¦ you know.In my nice little coffin.† She looked up at him. â€Å"It's just that I'm claustrophobic, a little.† â€Å"You won't wake up there,† James said. â€Å"Poppy,I wouldn't let that happen to you. Trust me; I've thought of everything.† Poppy nodded. I do trust you, she thought. Then she held her arms out to him. He touched her neck, so she tilted her chin back.As the blood was drawn from her, she felt her mind drawn into his. Don't worry, Poppy. Don't be afraid. Allhis thoughtswere ferociously protective. And even though it onlyconfirmed that there was something to be afraidof,that this could go wrong, Poppy felt peaceful. Thedirect sense of his love made her calm, flooded her with light. She suddenly felt distance and height and depthspaciousness. As if her horizons had expanded almostto infinity in an instant. As if she'd discovered a new dimension.Asif there were no limits or obstacles to what she and James could do together. She felt †¦ free. I'm getting light-headed, she realized. She couldfeel herself going limp in James's arms. Swooninglike a wilting flower. I'vetaken enough,James said in her mind.Thewarmanimalmouth on her throat pulled back.†Now it's your turn.† This time, though, he didn't make the cut at hiswrist. He took off his T-shirt and, with a quick, impulsive gesture, ran a fingernail along the base of his throat. Oh, Poppy thought. Slowly, almost reverently, she leaned forward. James's hand supported the back ofher head. Poppy put her arms around him, feelinghis bare skin under the flannel of her nightgown. It was better this way. But if James was right, itwas another last time. She and James could neverexchange blood again. I can't accept that, Poppythought, but she couldn'tconcentrate on anything for very long. This time, instead of clearing her brain, the wild, intoxicatingvampire blood was making her more confused. Moreheavy and sleepy. James? It's all right. It's the beginning of the change. Heavy†¦sleepy†¦warm. Lapped in salty oceanwaves. She could almost picture the vampire bloodtrickling through her veins, conquering everything inits path. It was ancient blood, primeval. It was changing her into something old, something that had been around since the dawn of time. Something primitive and basic. Every molecule in her body, changing†¦ Poppy, can you hear me?James was shaking herslightly. Poppy had been so engrossed in the sensations that she hadn't even realized she wasn't drinking any longer. James was cradling her. â€Å"Poppy.† It was an effort to open her eyes. â€Å"I'm all right. Just†¦ sleepy.† His arms tightened around her, then he laid hergently on the mounded pillows. â€Å"You can rest now. I'll get Phil.† But before he went, he kissed her on the forehead. My first kiss, Poppy thought, her eyes drifting shutagain. And I'm comatose. Great. She felt the bed give under weight and looked upto see Phil. Phil looked very nervous, sitting gingerly,staring at Poppy. â€Å"So what's happening now?† heasked. â€Å"The vampire blood's taking over,† James said. Poppy said, â€Å"I'm really sleepy.† There was no pain. Just a feeling of wanting toglide away. Her body now felt warm and numb, asif she were insulated by a soft, thick aura. â€Å"Phil? I forgot to say-thank you. For helping out.And everything. You're a good brother, Phil.† â€Å"You don't have to say that now,† Phil said tersely. â€Å"You can say it later. I'm still going to be here later,you know.† But I might not be, Poppy thought. This is all a gamble. And I'd never take it, except that the only alternative was to give up without even trying to fight. I fought, didn't I? At least I fought. â€Å"Yes, you did,† Phil said, his voice trembling.Poppy hadn't been aware she was speaking aloud.†You've always been a fighter,† Phil said. â€Å"I'velearned so much from you.† Which was funny, because she'd learned so muchfrom him,even if most of it was in the last twenty four hours. She wanted to tell him that, but therewas so much to say, and she was so tired. Her tongue felt thick; her whole body weak and languorous. â€Å"Just†¦hold my hand,† she said, and she couldhear that her voice was no louder than a breath.Phillip took one of her hands and James the other. That was good. This was the way to do it, withEeyore and her lion on the pillows beside her andPhil and James holding her hands, keeping her safe and anchored. One of the candles was scented with vanilla, awarm and homey smell. A smell that reminded herof being a kid. Nilla wafers and naptime. That waswhat this was like. Just a nap in Miss Spurgeon's kindergarten, with the sun slanting across the floorand James on a mat beside her. So safe, so serene†¦ â€Å"Oh, Poppy,† Phil whispered. James said, â€Å"You're doing great, kiddo. Everything's just right.† That was what Poppy needed to hear. She let herself fall backward into the music, and it waslike falling in a dream, without fear. It was like being a raindrop falling into the ocean that had started you. At the last moment she thought, I'm not ready. But she already knew the answer to that. Nobodywas ever ready. But she'd been stupid-she'd forgotten the mostimportant thing. She'd never told James she lovedhim. Not even when he'd said he loved her. She tried to get enough air, enough strength to sayit. But it was too late. The outside world was goneand she couldn't feel her body any longer. She was floating in the darkness and the music, and all she could do now was sleep. â€Å"Sleep,† James said, leaning dose to Poppy. â€Å"Don'twake up until I call you. Just sleep.† Every muscle in Phil's body was rigid. Poppylooked so peaceful-pale, with her hair spread out incoppery curls on the pillow, and her eyelashes blackon her cheeks and her lips parted as she breathedgently. She looked like a porcelain baby doll. But the more peaceful she got, the more terrified Phil felt. I can deal with this, he told himself.I haveto. Poppy gave a soft exhalation, and then suddenlyshe was moving. Her chest heaved once, twice. Herhand tightened on Phil's and her eyes flew openbut she didn't seem to be seeing anything. She simply looked astonished. â€Å"Poppyl† Phil grabbed at her, getting a handful offlannel nightgown. She was so small and fragile in side it. â€Å"Poppyl† The heaving gasps stopped. For one moment Poppywas suspended in air, then her eyes closed and shefell back on the pillows. Her hand was limp in Phil's. Phil lost all rationality. â€Å"Poppy,† he said, hearing the dangerous, unbalanced tone in his own voice. â€Å"Poppy, come on.Poppy, wake up!†-on a rising note. His hands were shaking violently, scrabbling at Poppy's shoulders. Other hands pushed his away. â€Å"What the hell areyou doing?† James said quietly. â€Å"Poppy? Poppy?† Phil kept staring at her. Herchest wasn't moving. Her face had a look of-innocent release. The kind of newness you only see inbabies. And it was-changing. Taking on a white, transparent look. It was uncanny, ghostlike, and even though Phil had never seen a corpse, he knew instinctively that this was the death pallor. Poppy's essence had left her. Her body was flat andtoneless, no longer inflated by the vital spirit. Herhand in Phil's was slack, not like the hand of a sleeping person. Her skin had lost its shine, as if somebodyhad breathed on it softly. Phil threw back his head and let out an animalsound. It wasn't human. It was a howl. â€Å"You killed her!† He tumbled off the bed andlurched toward James. â€Å"You said she was just goingto sleep, but you killed herl She's dead!† James didn't back away from the attack. Instead,he grabbed Phil and dragged him out intothe hallway. â€Å"Hearing is the last sense to go,† he snarled inPhillip's ear. â€Å"She may be able tohear you.† Phil wrenched free and ran toward the living room. He didn't know what he was doing, he only knew that he needed to destroy things. Poppy wasdead. She was gone. He grabbed the couch andflipped it over, then kicked the coffee table over, too. He snatched up a lamp, yanked its cord out of thesocket, and threw it toward the fireplace. â€Å"Stop it!† James shouted over the crash. Phil sawhim and ran at him. The sheer force of his charge knocked James backward into the wall. They fell tothe floor together in a heap. â€Å"You-killed her!† Phil gasped, trying to get hishands around James's throat. Silver.James's eyes blazed like the molten metal.He grabbed Phil's wrists in a painful grip. â€Å"Stop itnow,Phillip,† he hissed. Something about the way he said it made Phil stop.Almost sobbing, he struggled to get air into his lungs. â€Å"I'll killyouif I have to, to keep Poppy safe,† James said, his voice still savage and menacing. â€Å"And she'sonly safe if you stop this and do exactly what I tell youto.Exactlywhat I tell you. Understand?† He shook Philhard, nearly banging Phil's head into the wall. Strangely enough, it was the right thing to say.James was saying he cared about Poppy. And weird as it might sound, Phil had come to trust James to tell the truth. The raging red insanity in Phil's brain died away. He took a long breath. â€Å"Okay. I understand,† he said hoarsely. He was used to being in charge-both of himself and of otherpeople. He didn't like James giving him orders. Butin this case there was no help for it. â€Å"But-she isdead, isn't she?† â€Å"It depends on your definition,† James said, lettinggo and slowly pushing himself off the floor. Hescanned the living room, his mouth grim. â€Å"Nothingwent wrong, Phil. Everything went just the way itwas supposed to-except for this. I was going to letyour parents come back and find her, but we don'thave that option now. There isn't any way to explain this mess, except the.truth.† â€Å"The truth being?† â€Å"That you went in there and found her dead andwent berserk. And then I called your parents-you know what restaurant they're at, don't you?† â€Å"It's Valentino's. My mom said they were lucky toget in.† â€Å"Okay. That'll work. But first we have to clean upthe bedroom. Get all the candles and stuff out. It'sgot to look as if she just went to sleep, like anyother night.† Phil glanced at the sliding glass door. It was justgetting dark. But then Poppy had been sleeping a lotthese last few days. â€Å"We'll say she got tired and toldus to go watch TV,† he said slowly, trying to conquer his dazed feeling and be clearheaded. â€Å"And then Iwent in after a while and checked on her.† â€Å"Right,† James said, with a faint smile that didn'treach his eyes. It didn't take long to clear out the bedroom. Thehardest thing was that Phil had to keep looking atPoppy, and every time he looked, his heart lurched.She looked so tiny, so delicate-limbed. A Christmas angel in June. He hated to take the stuffed animals away fromher. â€Å"She is going to wake up, isn't she?† he said, without looking at James. â€Å"God, I hope so,† James said, and his voice wasvery tired. It sounded more like a prayer than a wish.†If she doesn't you won't have to come after me witha stake, Phil. I'll take care of it myself.† Phil was shocked-and angry. â€Å"Don't be stupid,†he said brutally. â€Å"If Poppy stood for anything-if she standsfor anything-it's for life. Throwing your life away would be like a slap in her face. Besides, evenif it goes wrong now, you did your best. Blaming yourself is just stupid.† James looked at him blankly, and Phil realizedthey'd managed to surprise each other. Then Jamesnodded slowly. â€Å"Thanks.† It was a milestone, the first time they'd ever beenon precisely the same wavelength. Phillip felt an oddconnection between them. He looked away and said briskly, â€Å"Is it time to callthe restaurant?† James glanced at his watch. â€Å"In just a fewminutes.† â€Å"If we wait too long they're going to have left bythe time we call.† â€Å"That doesn'tmatter.What matters is that we don't have any paramedics trying to resuscitate her, or taking her to the hospital. Which means she's gotto be cold by the time anybody gets here.† Phil felt a wave of dizzy horror. â€Å"You're a coldblooded snake after all.† â€Å"I'm just practical,† James said wearily, as if speaking to a child. He touched one of Poppy's marblewhite hands where it lay on the bedspread. â€Å"Allright. It's time. I'm going to call. You can go berserkagain if you want to.† Phil shook his head. He didn't have the energyanymore. But he did feel like crying, which was al most as good. Crying and crying like a kid who was lost and hurt. â€Å"Get my mom,† he said thickly. He knelt on the floor beside Poppy's bed andwaited. Poppy's music was off and he could hear theTV in the family room. He had no sense of time passing until he also heard a car in the driveway. Then he leaned his forehead against Poppy's mattress. His tears were absolutely genuine. At that moment he was sure he'd lost her forever. â€Å"Brace yourself,† James said from behind him.†They're here.†

Summary of “An Historical Preface to Engineering Ethics”

Summary of â€Å"An Historical Preface to Engineering Ethics† Michael Davis, in his article â€Å"An Historical Preface to Engineering Ethics† clarifies some misconceptions about engineering and distinguishes the differences between science and engineering by showing progressions through history. He makes a point to disprove engineer turned historian, Eugene Ferguson on his criticism that engineers have no consideration for human welfare by proving that not only do engineers have a deep consideration for human welfare, but that all of Ferguson’s criticisms of engineering are actually compliments given engineers’ military origin.Davis first depicts the progression of the definition of technology from ancient Greece to modern times, showing how the reverence of technology and thus engineering has grown over time. The modern day definition being the study of how to make manual labor easier, and the ancient Greece definition being the study of manual labor, an d since mental labor is more respected than manual labor, engineering has become better respected over time. He disqualifies the misconception that science preceded technology and is therefore older and better than engineering by showing how some inventions predated the science that explains them.He even argues that engineering is better than science because it applies scientific knowledge to make things useful. Davis clarifies that engineering is not the same as technology. Technology being the creation of tools, and engineering being the planning and instruction for others to implement that creation. He shows the history of engineering and how it started in the military, branching out from France to other countries, progressively sophisticating over time. Beginning with engineers in the infantry, creating weapons such as catapults and artillery, France eventually found need of a congregation of the engineers.They founded an organization called the corps du ge’nie, which pro ved very useful in increasing the flow of knowledge and skills and providing records for later use. In just a few short years, they were acclaimed all over France for their advances in military construction. Davis shows that the basis of all modern day engineering originated from the corps and officially started in the 1700’s when they finally came to understand what they could do as engineers and what they wanted to do. After this, he proceeds to show how he Ecole Polytechnique school, which practically perfected engineering curriculum, was formed in France and how it’s curriculum was adopted by the US. The first engineering school in the US, the West Point military academy, was founded on this curriculum. Davis includes these facts about history, not only to differentiate between science and engineering and to clarify misconceptions about engineering, but also to disprove historian Eugene Ferguson’s criticism of engineering. Ferguson criticizes engineering as unethical; he believes that engineers do not care about human welfare.Davis agrees with Ferguson’s points about engineers, but argues that they are not criticisms, but compliments and that engineers do in fact have a deep consideration for human welfare. Ferguson criticizes engineers for being efficient, creating labor-saving devices, putting control into systems, favoring the majority, and treating engineering as a means to an end rather than a means to satisfying human welfare. Davis argues that the first four are actually commendable qualities given engineers’ military origins, and that engineers do hold human welfare paramount and have since very early in their history.Since very early in engineering’s history human welfare has been held paramount. From almost the very beginning, even back in the 1700’s, human welfare was of great importance to engineers. The Ecole Polytechnique in France was noted for their regard for human welfare back in the 1700â €™s and England had the same attitude as France in regard to this as well. In 1828, Thomas Trigold, a member of The British Institution of Civil Engineers was asked to define civil engineering and he defined it as an art of directing Nature for the convenience of man.Davis states that these beliefs still hold true in today’s society, the only thing that differs is the engineers’ code of ethics, to stay consistent with ordinary morals as they differ. Davis argues that even before engineers created a code of ethics involving human welfare that they were not unethical, because they were not expected to hold it paramount, and that they were not unmoral, because not holding the public welfare as paramount is not unmoral in any ordinary sense of morality.Davis ultimately concludes that engineers’ do have high consideration for human welfare. Through historical references, definition contrasts, and counterargument, Davis provides a solid argument that engineering a t its core is based upon the advancement of man, and thus human welfare. Word Count: 767 Citation: Davis, Michael. â€Å"An Historical Preface to Engineering Ethics. † Science and Engineering Ethics 1995: 33-44. Print.

Jane Austen – Sense and Sensibility

Class, society, and politics in the home, on an interpersonal level among the characters, are themes of outmost importance in the novel â€Å"Sense and Sensibility† by Jane Austen. In this short essay, we shall discuss these themes in relation to the characters, as presented in the novel. Austen presents these social conditions throughout the story, as they were dominant in the society of her time. Laws surrounding inheritance, and property, social etiquette, and money matters in a time were gender limitations were very apparent, signified a person's position in the social scale. The Dashwood women, as they appear in â€Å"Sense and sensibility†, suddenly find themselves in a humiliating situation, when the mother, Mrs. Dashwood, becomes a widow. They were immediately cast into a dire situation. They were deprived of their estate and income when Mr. John Dashwood, became the legitimate heir of all of Mr. Dashwood's fortune, and decided not to support the Dashwood women financially. Mrs. Dashwood and her three daughters, Marianne, Elinor and Margaret had no entitlement to any of Mr. Dashwood's wealth. Having no income resources, they depended on John's charity for support. This was a standard practice of the eighteenth century legal system. In Victorian times, women had, by law, no rights on property. They were seen as dependent on men not only to survive, but also in order to keep their status and respectability. Class divisions, social status and the struggle for its gaining and maintenance are important themes in the novel. All characters in the story come from wealthy, upper class backgrounds. They all belong to high society and their interests and occupations imply this. Sir John Middleton seems to symbolise the best of upper class society. Like the majority of upper class people, his occupation and marital status defined his high position within his social circle. His occupation is hunting, his wealth is inherited, and his wife's only occupation is to raise children. Lady Middleton gathers all the characteristics of the ideal upper class woman: she stays in the home, marries, and is very formal and extremely polite, perhaps to the point of irritation. Characters constantly seem to compete for financial and social power. Inherited wealth is presented as the trademark of high social status. The Dashwood women become deprived of both. As a result they are driven into hardship when they have to give up their house in Norland and all its comforts and luxuries and move to smaller, less luxurious premises in Devonshire. By using this relocation theme, Jane Austen could imply their descent from a high social position to a lower one. It seems almost as if the Dashwoods were â€Å"expelled† from Norland's â€Å"paradise† to Barton Cottage's â€Å"hell† merely because of their female nature. In Austen's world, being a woman in a man's world is a harsh, cruel reality. Marriage for status is an issue of great importance in Sense and Sensibility†. It was seen as a common way in order to gain status. What is more, it was not seen as a choice, but a necessity. Men would seek status through inheritance and/or a wealthy marriage. Edward Ferrars is a typical example of this type of a man in the story. Women would not only opt for handsome and educated men, but mainly for wealthy ones, like Lucy Steele. Wealthier women were also more likely to be legitimate for marriage depending on the dowries they could offer. This put Marianne and Elinor in immediate disadvantage to other women in the novel (i.e. the Steele ladies), and subsequent pressure, in terms of their legitimacy. Their strife for successful marriages mainly stemmed from a desire for social settlement and a restoration of their loss of status. However, in Marianne's case, the main motive for marriage seems to be love (sensibility) and not money (sense), unlike Elinor. Nevertheless, she seems to be almost pushed in a â€Å"proper† marriage with Colonel Brandon in the end. Men seem to have a lot more space for manoeuvering through suppressive social rules than women do in the novel. Society appears to allow them more freedom in marriage and age issues; Colonel Brandon makes a good example in this case. His advanced age did not eventually stop him from getting married to Marianne. In Jane Austen's world as presented in the novel, social integration and acceptance depends on one's status and his/her sensible, controlled behaviour. There seems to be very little room for individuality and deviance. Elinor, Edward Ferrars and the Middletons make fine examples of sensible, controlled characters. As Austen describes: â€Å"Elinor †¦possessed a strength of understanding, and coolness of judgment†¦She had an excellent heart; her disposition was affectionate, and her feelings were strong: but she knew how to govern them† (p4-5). Edward's propriety and the Middletons' formality also signify their extreme level of political correctness and adherence to strict codes of conduct in order to be accepted in society. Social etiquette, formal code of conduct, and discretion to the point of concealment of one's feelings, are also important features in the novel. Desire for social advancement is also evident. Mrs. John Dashwood, for example, was fast to install herself â€Å"mistress of Norland†. In the struggle for financial and social power, women appear to act within their own sphere of action: the home. Women like Mrs. J. Dashwood and Mrs. Ferrars, use domestic and financial politics to ensure their control over situations, within and outside their home environment. Financial and domestic politics seem to be the only means women can use to have their own way in the world of the novel. Ironically enough, even though the story is set in a male-dominated society, the male characters possess little power over women like, for example, Mrs. J. Dashwood and Mrs. Smith and Ferrars. In terms of politics in the home environment, it almost seems as if under the surface of a male-dominated society, what is actually going on is beyond what eyes can see. Austen successfully conveys this idea.